PENTAGON ACQUISITION REFORM - CounterStrikeMedia

RUSSIA, A.I. & HOW CIA AND SOCOM DEAL WITH PARAMILITARY PROGRAMS, THE RENEWAL OF SPECIAL OPERATOR CULTURE

9/10/2019

Passing the paramilitary torch from the CIA to Special Operations Command
(Military Times) In the shadowy realm of international competition that falls below the threshold of traditional conflict, the United States continues to struggle to match near-peer competitors like Russia and China.

How to Fix a Broken Special Operations Culture by Andrew Milburn

In Search of Ideas: The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence Wants You
by Robert Work and Eric Schmidt

Anticipating a New Russian Military Doctrine in 2020: What it Might Contain and Why it Matters
by Dara Massicot

Hypersonics: The New ‘Sputnik’ Moment?
By Mark Henderson, War Room: “The rise of hypersonic technologies could render the current naval and marine strategies obsolete virtually overnight."

Strategic Partnership or Strategic Dependence?
By Jon Ahlstrom, Proceedings: "The 20th-century world order—a U.S.-led order that espouses liberal values and is underpinned by collective security agreements—exacts a gravitational pull on countries in search of individual growth and competitiveness on the world stage."

Technology, Military Genius, and the Improbable Victory
By Joanne C. Lo, Strategy Bridge: “War is ultimately a human affair. Because technology is a tool humans use to wage war, no study of battlespace technology can be complete without diving into the way humans interact with technology in a chaotic combat environment."

After the INF: Russia’s Propaganda and Real Threats
By Stephen Blank, Eurasia Daily Monitor: "No sooner did the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty expire on August 2, Moscow launched a propaganda offensive to shift attention away from the threats its missile programs pose to both European and Asian security."

EXECUTING THE US LED AFRICA STRATEGY: AT SEA

9/5/2019

Western COIN: The Rise of 'Soft' Counterinsurgency Doctrine
By Brandon Brooks, Small Wars Journal: “Since the middle of the 20th century, intrastate conflict has become the prevailing form of warfare worldwide. Though often lacking in manpower and physical resources, insurgents have exhibited an impressive degree of skill and innovation, frustrating their opponents’ efforts to infiltrate the organization and disrupt its activities."

STRATEGY DOCUMENT

Executing the US Africa strategy, at sea
(Defense One) The U.S. Africa Strategy and the Defense Department’s Strategy for Africa provide a framework for engagement with African nations to help them create a “self-reliant, stable, and prosperous continent.”

With US help, Africa’s coastal nations are learning to work together
(Defense One) About a decade ago, most coastal African countries lacked the gear and know-how to effectively track maritime threats.

GENERAL MATTIS, THE GLOBALIST: ON ALLIANCES, US WAR POSTURE & CHINA'S MILITARY MODERNIZATION; HOW CHINA WORKS COVERTLY IN THE US

9/1/2019

SWJ Quick-Look Book Review - Call Sign Chaos
By David Maxwell, Small Wars Journal: "The book could serve as syllabus for an entire Ph.D. program in preparation for military leadership It is the best list of readings of the classics for the understanding and practice of warfare. I use the example of a Ph.D. specifically to emphasize that General Mattis' example of self-study is something to be emulated and his self-study probably taught him more than any Ph.D. program could have."

What Mattis Gets Wrong: Alliances Also Need Rebuilding at Home
By Jane Doe, Politico: "Mattis gets something wrong, though, something important. It’s his attribution of the growing divisiveness in America to tribalism. This misidentifies the nature of the problem. America is of course deeply tribal, and always has been. What we’re living now, though, is political apartheid."
including

Our So-Called Foreign Policy: Why Mattis Isn’t the Last Word on “America First”

Major War Game To Jolt 4 Services, Force Decisions
In conflicts of the future the Pentagon will need some radically new thinking.

It’s Time to Talk About A2/AD: Rethinking the Russian Military Challenge by Michael Kofman

Testimony: China’s military modernization program
Oriana Skylar Mastro | US-China Economic and Security Review Commission
The United States needs to put economic, diplomatic, and military resources behind maintaining the regional order in East Asia — and be willing to take some risks to ensure its success.

10 Things You Didn’t Know About Jim Mattis From His New Memoir
By Hope Hodge Seck, Military.com: ""If I had to do it again," Mattis wrote, "I would have called both [the U.S. Army Central Command] commander and Admiral Moore and said, 'Sir, I have a plan to accomplish the mission, kill Osama bin Laden, and hand you a victory. All I need is your permission.'""

SOCOM Is in the Hunt for a Chaplain Field Ethics Guide
By Shawn Snow, Military Times: "... with the special operations community finding itself stressed and in the midst of several scandals after nearly 18 years of continuous deployment, U.S. Special Operations Command is looking to find additional ways for those men and women of faith to help get its operators back on track."

U.S., CHINA:
Influence Power: How China Covertly Operates in the U.S.
By Bill Gertz, The Washington Free Beacon: "Chinese influence operations in the United States are pervasive and include the use of covert operations to support the objectives of the Communist Party of China in silencing critics of the regime in Beijing."

Gen. Jim Mattis On War And Trump
interview with General Jim Mattis via CBS News
Hoover Institution fellow James Mattis discusses his life and his over 40 years in the military.

James Mattis On Why He Left The Trump Administration But Won't Criticize It
interview with General Jim Mattis via PBS News Hour
Hoover Institution fellow James Mattis talks about his philosophy of leadership and why he’s reluctant to weigh in on current policy from outside the administration.

General Mattis' Finest Hour Editorial of The New York Sun | September 3, 2019
https://www.nysun.com/editorials/general-mattis-finest-hour/90818/
That James Mattis is a tough man, we have no doubt. He is, after all, a Marine. He's been decorated for the kind of valor it's impossible to alloy. The question is whether he'll prove tough enough to withstand the pressure to jump into the 2020 election campaign not as a candidate but as a critic of the commander in chief he served as secretary of defense. It seems the pressure is mounting with every passing day.
Continue Reading

General Jim Mattis:
The Currents, Undercurrents and Crosscurrents of Chaos’ Re-emergence
By Katherine Voyles, Small Wars Journal: “... it’s helpful to look at several pieces of his: his speech at Boeing Field over Memorial Day weekend, the resignation letter, the book Warriors and Citizens, and his letter to All Hands the night before the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

HOW THE PENTAGON IS LATE ON REFORM & THE ARMY ON RUTHLESS PRIORITIZATION

8/23/2019

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Congress needs to get its act together for defense funding
Mackenzie Eaglen | The Hill
Congress needs to solidify the new norm of on-time funding and let the political fight over the wall get hashed out in a fight separate from its most basic task of keeping the government open.

Pentagon acquisition chief provides update on major programs
(Defense News) Undersecretary of Defense Ellen Lord briefs reporters on the progress of several major defense programs.

A sneak peek of the Army’s modernization strategy
(Defense News) Get a preview of the new plan from Lt. Gen Eric Wesley, set to be rolled out later this year.

The Pentagon is almost two years late on efficiency reforms
(Defense One) Little progress have been made on various requirements ordered in the 2018 authorization act, GAO found.

Avoiding past mistakes: Are the Army’s modernization plans on the right course?
(Defense News) To avoid past mistakes that have all but crippled the Army’s ability to procure new equipment, the service should ensure its top modernization priorities are aligned with its emerging warfighting doctrine, which could mean rearranging some of its top efforts, conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation is arguing in a new report.

Ruthless Prioritization: The Army’s Realization of the National Defense Strategy – A Conversation with Acting Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy
Bradley Bowman — FDD Event
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) and its Center on Military and Political Power (CMPP) hosted Acting Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy on Tuesday, August 20, 2019. Secretary McCarthy delivered remarks and then participated in a moderated discussion with CMPP Senior Director Bradley Bowman. Topics included the threats the U.S. confronts, great power competition, and future wars, as well as Army readiness and modernization... Watch Here

OUR CRISIS IN THE INDO-PACIFIC, WHERE THE ARMY IS NOW, HOW CHINA ENVISIONS THE USE OF A.I. & RUSSIAN AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIAL BASE COLLAPSING

8/21/2019

China now strong enough for a surprise move in the Indo-Pacific
(Defense News) China is gaining an increasingly favorable military position in the Indo-Pacific, leaving the United States no longer able to enjoy military primacy in the region, a new report by an Australian think tank has warned.

U.S. Strategy, Military Spending and Collective Defence in the Indo-Pacific
From The United States Studies Centre: “America's defence strategy in the Indo-Pacific is in the throes of an unprecedented crisis."

The Army’s outgoing leadership: Where the service stands, and where it’s aiming
(Army Times) As the top Army leadership changes and the newcomers grow accustomed to their roles, there remains much to be done to prepare the Army’s brigade combat teams and individual soldiers for potentially the next big fight.

U.S., CHINA:
DIA: China Plans to Use Information to ‘Dominate in the Future’
By Russ Read, Washington Examiner: "The data industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, set to reach $100 billion by 2020, and China is laser-focused on using it to its advantage when competing with the U.S., according to Army Lt. Gen. Robert Ashley, the director of the Defense Intelligence Agency."

RUSSIA:
Russia's Aircraft Industry In Crisis
By Piotr Butowski, Aviation Week: "The Russian aircraft industry is struggling. After peaking early in this decade, oil-price reductions and sanctions imposed by Western countries have caused both civil and military aircraft production to dwindle."

The U.S. Needs a New ICBM Now
By C. Robert Kehler, National Institute for Public Policy: " As the late renowned professor Bernard Brodie observed decades ago, “We have ample reason to feel now that nuclear weapons do act critically to deter wars between the major powers, and not nuclear wars alone but any wars.”"

Raytheon nets $47.9M contract for laser-guided Maverick missiles
(UPI) The Defense Department awarded a $47.9 million contract to Raytheon Missile Systems to purchase AGM-65E2/L laser-guided Maverick missiles.

AFSPC Study, Eye On China, Urges ‘Expansive’ New Strategy
A new AFSPC study posits a possible future — named after ancient Chinese warlord Zhang He — where China dominates space even as human presence vastly expands to the Moon and beyond.

MULTI-DOMAIN BATTLE, CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS & REFORMING THE INTEL SWAMP

8/8/2019

The Myth of American Military Dominance
By Justin Lynch, War on the Rocks: "The assumption of historic military dominance, often understood as fact, is almost entirely unsupported by meaningful evidence."

Creating the Army After Next, Again
By Dan Gouré, RealClearDefense: “Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the U.S. Army began an effort to re-invent itself in anticipation of changes in the political, operational and technological environments."

Multi-Domain Operations, Bad for Civil-Military Relations?
By George Fust, RealClearDefense: "If the military has formally adopted MDO, which it appears they have, they should understand its full impact beyond military operations. One such category of concern is in the field of civil-military relations."

Reconsidering Division-Cavalry Squadrons
By Nathan Jennings, Armor Magazine: "Since the U.S.Army adopted tactical modularity in 2004, reorganized its final deployable armored-cavalry regiment (ACR) as a Stryker brigade combat team (BCT) in 2011 and, more recently, restructured its battlefield surveillance brigades without cavalry squadrons, it has lacked dedicated and optimized ground formations to conduct forceful information collection (IC) above the brigade level."

A Nuclear World in Disarray
By Ramesh Thakur, The Strategist (ASPI): "A hostile international security environment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the emergence of new space, cyber and AI technologies have increased the risk of accidental or deliberate use of nuclear weapons. The growing strategic risks and uncertainty in turn fuel the vicious cycle of renewed interest among U.S. allies in a nuclear deterrent as a hedge against receding U.S. primacy and reliability."

How China Violates International Law With Impunity
By James Borton, The Washington Times: "China’s violation of UNCLOS, its indifference to the Arbitral Tribunal award at The Hague three years ago, its frenetic atoll building spree, not to mention the militarization of the Spratly Islands, fishing bans in disputed waters and rampant ecological destruction of coral reefs, makes it painfully clear that Beijing’s endgame amounts to a global security threat."

No, MDO is not bad for Civil-Military Relations
By Allyson Christy, RealClearDefense: "The President deciding to violate the Constitution is, therefore, not a function of doctrine but rather a strategic choice in pursuit of some political end. An Army-specific operating concept could not be the genesis of this decision."

Bureaucracy, Intelligence, and Oversight
By Allyson Christy, RealClearDefense: "Although the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 is credited for revising the National Security Act, it was expected to strengthen consolidation. By overhauling a nearly impenetrable bureaucracy, the Act created a central I.C. authority—the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)—an alternative response to integration, communication, and coordination failures."

RUSSIAN GROWTH IN AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, REFORMING US INTEL SERVICES & MARINE CORPS LEADERSHIP REVEALED AGAINST CHINA

7/27/2019

The Russian Navy Is Evolving Right Before Our Very Eyes
By David Axe, The National Interest: “The Russian navy’s transformation into a small-ship fleet has been accelerating."

When Is More Actually Less? Situational Awareness and Nuclear Risks
By Rebecca Hersman & Bernadette Stadler, War on the Rocks: "For most of the nuclear age, enhanced strategic situational awareness — the ability to characterize the operating environment, detect nuclear and conventional strategic attacks, and discern real attacks from false alarms — has been viewed as beneficial to crisis stability."

A Primer on Analyzing Nuclear Competitions
By Bruce M. Sugden, Texas National Security Review: " ... while identifying the challenges of nuclear competition — between the United States and Russia on the one hand, and the United States and China on the other — is a crucial first step for making strategic assessments, these strategy documents provide little in the way of guidance for analyzing nuclear competition."

Russia's high-speed air-to-air missile upgrade
Upgrades to Russia's active radar-guided medium-range missiles reflect a renewed emphasis on air-to-air weaponry on the part of the Russian defence ministry, write Piotr Butowski and Douglas Barrie after the Armiya 2019 defence exhibition.

Defense Against Hypersonic Attack Is Becoming the Biggest Military Challenge
By Loren Thompson, Forbes: "Aside from their high velocity—five times the speed of sound or greater—they operate almost entirely within the atmosphere, at elevations below which existing early-warning sensors are optimized to monitor."

Withering Influence in National Security
By Billy Carter, Small Wars Journal: "It is our position that in order to achieve strategic influence goals we require a unified national structure with systems and methods, policy and doctrine appropriate for its charter. Prior to the Church-Pike Hearings such a structure existed in the Operations Coordination Board as part of the NSC."

Discretion and Confusion in the Intelligence Community
By Diana Lee & Paulina Perlin, Lawfare: “Intelligence agency procedures have varied both within and across agencies in the intelligence community—making it difficult for Congress, the public and even the agencies themselves to determine the scope of intelligence gathering."

Sacred Cows Die As Marine Commandant Changes Course On Amphibs
“It would be illogical to continue to concentrate our forces on a few large ships,” the new USMC Commandant writes in his new guidance, setting decades of planning on its head. So what’s next?

DoD Reviewing Industrial Base for Hypersonic Weapons
By Connie Lee, National Defense Magazine: “The Pentagon is developing a strategy to ensure the defense industrial base has sufficient capacity to produce hypersonic weapons, according to a department official."

CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL BASE AND GLOBAL REACH IS GROWING. . . FAST, HOW SHOULD US RESPOND

7/24/2019

CHINA'S WHITE PAPER ON DEFENSE

China’s 2019 Defence White Paper:
The Long Road to Transparency in Defence Spending
By Lucie Béraud-Sudreau, IISS: “Taken at face value the spending figure in China’s latest Defence White Paper, published in July 2019, ought to provide a modicum of reassurance to the international community. After all, it shows just over 1% of national income spent on the armed forces. The problem is that, while there is a welcome increased transparency in the document, it does not go very far. IISS figures, and others, place Beijing’s sustained defence spending closer to 2% of gross domestic product."

CHINA'S AIR SUPERIORITY GROWING

The Naval Industrial Base Is in Worse Shape Than You Think
By William R. Hawkins, Proceedings: “U.S. sea power requires a large and innovative industrial base ... “We are at a level of fragility. . . . The industrial base will continue to struggle and some elements may not survive another ‘boom/bust’ cycle.”"

A Budget That Blows Up the Pillars of U.S. Statecraft
By Chris Beatty, RealClearWorld: "The Senate will likely pass a budget deal that will increase defense spending by nearly an entire U.S. State Department. It will bring annual spending to $738 billion for 2020. That is almost 20 times the Trump administration’s 2020 funding request for the State Department and USAID combined."

The Chinese Military Reforms and Transforms in the 'New Era'
By Elsa Kania, China Brief: “When The New York Times reported that Russia had likely deployed a nuclear-armed cruise missile in violation of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear.

Expeditionary or forward based?
(Real Clear Defense) The United States needs an expeditionary navy, and that is not what it has.

Beijing’s Strategic Anxiety and Growing Tactical Offensive Under the Ultimate Pressure of the U.S.
By Tao Peng, RealClearDefense: "China’s recent geo-military anxiety and growing tactical offensive are reflected in the White Paper of the national defense in the New Era.

Military Innovation Strategy: Winning a Total War by Relinquishing Total Control
(Strategy Bridge) In the 21st century, where adversarial challenges come in all shapes and forms, America’s ability to generate power through harvesting the chaotic creativity of the entire nation is more important than ever.[8] Simply focusing military technology development either to react to short-term surprises within persistent disorder, or in support of a grand plan to counter long-term strategic technological challenges presented by contested norms is a luxury lost long ago.

Beijing’s Latest White Paper: China’s National Defense in the New Era
(The Cipher Brief) On July 22, Beijing released its first national defense white paper since 2015, called China’s National Defense in the New Era. The 51-page policy document examines the modernization and development efforts of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and highlights the importance of President Xi Jinping’s leadership in instituting reforms to advance China’s military capabilities.

China's 2019 Defence White Paper: report card on military reform
ANALYSIS
The latest Chinese Defence White Paper released on 24 July paints a picture of a People's Liberation Army that is on its way to modernising, documenting where progress has, or has not, been made in military reform efforts, explains Meia Nouwens in a new blog.

China’s Head-Spinning Defence White Paper
By Dennis J. Blasko, the interpreter: “The difference between how China sees the world and how the world sees China can lead to a seriously dizzying view.

Innovation in the New Era of Chinese Military Power
By Elsa Kania, The Diplomat: "As the PLA pursues the objective of transforming into “world-class forces” by mid-century, the U.S. military may confront the unprecedented challenge of a potential adversary with formidable and rapidly advancing capabilities.

China’s Defense Industry Barges Into Global Spotlight
Beijing now boasts six of world’s top 15 defense firms according to a new report, edging out a slew of traditional defense powerhouses.

China’s defense industry barges into global spotlight
(Breaking Defense) The burgeoning Chinese defense industry has blown past the majority of its US counterparts while leaving virtually all of Europe in the dust, according to a new study of the global defense market.

China to Release New White Paper on National Defense
By Ankit Panda, The Diplomat: “As any reader of The Diplomat will be aware, the Chinese military has undergone a significant transformation in the four years that have elapsed since the 2015 white paper."

HOW TO FIGHT THE CHINESE ON STOLEN US TECHNOLOGY & HITTING THE FIGHTING MULLAH'S: THE IRANIAN BASIJ; REMEMBERING THE BRITISH IN IRAQ

7/14/2019

A New Idea for Fighting Chinese Theft of American Defense Technology by Kevin Carroll

Knuckling Down Under Maximum Pressure: Iran’s Basij in Transition by Saeid Golkar

Forgetting Allies: Writing the British Out of the History of the Iraq War by Lawrence Freedman

WHERE THE US REMAINS WEAK, A NET ASSESSMENT ON HOW WE LOSE THE NEXT WAR & JEDI'S LAND WARFARE

6/28/2019

Net Assessment: Is America Poised to Lose the Next War?
by Melanie Marlowe, Bryan McGrath, Christopher Preble

Here are the biggest weaknesses in America’s defense sector
(Defense News) Production of a component vital to protecting American troops from chemical attacks that can’t keep up with need. Key suppliers of aircraft parts that could go bankrupt at any time. A key producer of missile components that closed for two years before the Pentagon found out.

809 Panel Calls for Managing ‘Capabilities,’ Not Weapons
The Department of Defense can make smarter and faster acquisition decisions if it uses people more thoughtfully. Instead of involving top-level leaders at every decision point in the acquisition process, senior leaders should determine the organization’s enterprise-level goals, then communicate them to empowered and capable leaders who can decide how best to meet those goals.…

The Too-Good-to-Be-True Way to Fight the Chinese Military
By Hal Brands, Bloomberg: "An American war against China or Russia would be truly awful. Even if the U.S. won — no sure thing — it could well suffer costs and casualties that would make the toll of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars seem minor by comparison. So is there a way the U.S. could stymie a Chinese attack in the Pacific, or a Russian land-grab in Eastern Europe, without having to defeat enemy forces head-on? This is the motivating question behind the idea of “horizontal escalation.”"

Land Warfare Since 1860: A Global History
By Michael Barr, Strategy Bridge: "Seeing the variety of contexts and interactions changes the strategic perspective of the First World War, and challenges military professionals to consider preparations for great power struggles, gray zone wars, and asymmetric insurgencies not as an either/or proposition but as all the above."

There’s A Sequel for JEDI
By Kenneth Glueck, RealClearDefense: “Defense Secretary-nominee Esper will soon receive a brief on next-generation battlefield technology and the DoD move to the cloud. The question of which technology solution can best meet DoD’s cloud computing needs has been intensely debated for the past 18 months."

A GUIDE TO CHINESE AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, XI'S THIRD FRONT, HOW US REPURPOSES SHIPS & MAHAN'S YARDSTICK

6/22/2019

Go Get Mahan’s Yardstick
By Andrew Rhodes, Proceedings: “Mahan’s 3,500 nm “standard distance” for naval planning may be a crude metric, but it highlights the geographic reality that must shape theater strategy and force development in the vast Pacific operating area."

Everything You Need to Know About the Chinese Military If You Don’t Read Chinese
By David M. Finkelstein, Proceedings: "The Pentagon has released three very detailed reports this year on the Chinese People's Liberation Army. They are exceptional sources at a critical time in the modernization of China's military."

CHINA:
A Mid-2019 Guide to Chinese Aircraft Carriers
By Rick Joe, The Diplomat: "In recent months, a number of new developments and interesting pictures and rumors have emerged in relation to the Chinese Navy's (PLAN's) aircraft carrier projects. Pictures tracking CV-16 Liaoningover the past year as well as carrier 002 at Dalian shipyard demonstrate both vessels have reached various milestones in recent months. Pictures of carrier 003 being built at Jiangnan shipyard similarly give new insights into its potential final size."

The Third Magic Weapon: Reforming China's United Front by Peter Mattis and Alex Joske

Lockheed Quietly Developing AIM-260 To Counter Chinese PL-15
By Steve Trimble, Aviation Week: " Lockheed Martin is developing a new air-dominance missile for the U.S. Air Force and Navy with significantly greater range than the AIM-120 Amraam as a counter to China’s new PL-15 weapon, a top U.S. Air Force official says."

Elizabeth Economy: A Look At Xi Jinping's 'Third Revolution'
interview with Elizabeth Economy via Newsroom
Hoover Institution fellow Elizabeth Economy talks about the growing power of Xi Jinping in China and abroad, which Economy has termed his 'Third Revolution'.

Repurposing Warships
By Robert Purssell, RealClearDefense: “In its more than two-century history, the United States Navy has frequently taken ships designed and built for one purpose and rebuilt and rearmed them for an entirely different mission."

DEMS WIN THE MILITARY BUDGET BATTLE; ACQUISITION REFORM BEGINS AGAIN & G.E.'S CHINOOK

6/15/2019

Congress returns to budget stalemate
(Defense News) Lawmakers returning to Washington, D.C., this week are in a race against the clock to reach a budget deal to ease statutory spending caps and avoid a government shutdown starting Oct. 1.

Ten Rules for Defense Management Reform by Peter Levine

How to fix the Pentagon’s misused war spending account
The use of “fake Overseas Contingency Operations” funds is a product of the arbitrary Budget Control Act spending caps and will not disappear until the caps do. Mackenzie Eaglen and Rick Berger write that the only honest solution is to eliminate those caps and begin budgeting based on real needs with real money in real accounts.

U.S., EUROPE:
Boeing to Demo CH-53K Engine on Chinook
By Gareth Jennings, IHS Jane's 360: "Boeing will demonstrate on its CH-47F Chinook heavy-lift helicopter the more powerful General Electric (GE) T408 engine normally fitted to its Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion competitor, the company said ahead of the Paris Air Show."

Democrats Won This Budget Battle – But They’re Likely To Lose The War
By Paul McLeary
Despite Democratic chairman Adam Smith’s best efforts, the defense budget is likely to creep back up to the full $750 billion the administration asked for.

DoD has the tools to reform acquisition, and Thornberry wants to require their use
(Defense News) In defense acquisition, “the times, they are a-changin’.”

What if the US could fight only one war at a time? In a Bloomberg op-ed, Hal Brandsexplains that the Department of Defense has been working to overhaul the “two-war” defense strategy, in favor of one that focuses on winning a single high-stakes fight against China or Russia. While this one-war strategy is rooted in a correct judgment that defeating a great-power adversary would be far more difficult than anything the US military has done in decades, it also runs the risk that America won’t have enough military power to deal with a war in which it faces two or more major threats at the same time. Continue here.

Even as Congress moves ahead with its spending bills for the Defense Department, the odds remain low that both parties can agree to an overall spending level by the start of the fiscal year. The result? The military’s advantages continue to shrink. In a series of AEI graphics and analysis, Mackenzie Eaglen and Rick Berger show that continuing resolutions (CRs) hurt the military in three main ways, and they explain the CRs’ effects on the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, and the Air Force. Learn more here.

Since the March release of the 2020 defense budget, the Pentagon’s decision to purchase new F-15X fighters to replace geriatric F-15Cs has occupied a disproportionate share of defense coverage, analysis, and congressional attending. In a RealClearDefense op-ed, Rick Berger argues that squandering an entire budget cycle debating F-15X or F-35 delays a necessary reckoning about the future of American airpower. Continue reading here.

CHINA'S THIRD OFFSET & ITS DRIVE TO GLOBAL HEGEMONY

6/12/2019

DoD Presses the Accelerator on Hypersonic Weapons
By Dan Gouré, RealClearDefense: "Senior U.S. defense officials have publicly stated that Russia and China are ahead of us in this new arms race.

Assessment of the Effects of Chinese Nationalism on China’s Foreign Policy
By Adam Ni, Divergent Options: "The rise of Chinese nationalism is often seen as a cause of China’s increasing assertive foreign policy, including its approach to territorial disputes."

Focus on the Trinity: German Innovation From Moltke to World War I
By Jaison D. Desai, Strategy Bridge: “The current crisis in relations between Russia and the West and the attempt to respond to it through economic sanctions illustrates how hard it is to answer a fundamental question: what does Putin really want?"

https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/CNAS-Report-Work-Offset-final-B.pdf?mtime=20190531090041

RAYTHEON MARRIES UTC: WHY IT MATTERS

6/12/2019

United Technologies, Raytheon to Combine as Defense Giant
By Rick Clough, Bloomberg: "United Technologies Corp. agreed to buy Raytheon Co. in an all-stock deal, forming an aerospace and defense giant with $74 billion in sales in one of the industry’s biggest transactions ever."

Pentagon Has Limited Clout on Raytheon-United Technologies Deal
(Bloomberg) Raytheon Co.’s planned merger with United Technologies Corp. is under Pentagon review even though military leaders won’t get to make the call on approving one of the biggest defense industry deals ever.

Sikorsky gets $542M Navy contract to build 6 new presidential helicopters
(Military.com) The winner of the next presidential election will be the first to fly in one of six new helicopters built for the commander in chief.

Lockheed Martin subsidiary Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. was awarded a $542 million to build six VH-92A Presidential Helicopters to mark the start of low-rate initial production, the Navy announced Monday. – USNI News

United Technologies Corp.’s planned purchase of Raytheon Company, announced over the weekend, is spurring lawmakers and the White House to ask questions on how the merger would limit competition in the defense industry. – USNI News

Raytheon’s Tom Kennedy and UTC’s Greg Hayes on why they are uniting the companies
(Defense News) When Raytheon and United Technologies Corporation made a surprise announcement Sunday that they would be merging together, it sent shockwaves through the defense and aviation sectors. The combined firm will likely become the second largest player in the defense world, with major stake in the commercial aviation realm as well.

This Russian cyclocopter drone design was 110 years in the making
(C4ISRNET) It was materials, more than anything else, that determined the dominance of the helicopter in the 20th century.

Raytheon-United Technologies: A Powerhouse That Won’t Limit Competition
By Loren Thompson, Forbes: "Against that backdrop, it is remarkable how little overlap there would be in the diverse product lines of what looks to be a $70 billion enterprise at its inception."

THE CULT OF THE IRRELEVANT: STRATEGISTS WHO DON'T KNOW THEIR REGIONS

6/12/2019

Cult of the Irrelevant: National Security Eggheads & Academics
By Justin Logan, The American Conservative: "Why do foreign policymakers so rarely pay attention to scholarship on the regions they are bombing and seeking to dominate?"

LETHALITY & THE SCAM OF DIALOGUE BETWEEN COMPETING POWERS

6/12/2019

Trading Arms Control for Nuclear Modernization: An Old Scam
By Mark B. Schneider, RealClearDefense: “When The New York Times reported that Russia had likely deployed a nuclear-armed cruise missile in violation of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty.”

Increasing Lethality Through Sustainment
By Alexander D. Irion, Proceedings: "To meet the demands of the recent National Security Strategy and National Defense Strategy, however, the current generation of Marines will have to determine how to maximize rapid advances in technology and systems analysis to help forecast key aspects of future conflict, increase efficiency in the Corps’ processes, and increase their ability to affect an adversary’s decision cycle time."

EXAMINING THE ORIGINS OF US-SINO CONFLICT; EXAMINING THE TRENDS IN CHINA'S ACQUISITION SPENDING & HOW 'DEFENSE ONE' WEBSITE GETS AN UPGRADE

5/31/2019

The Real Origins of the U.S.-China Cold War
By Charles Edel & Hal Brands, Foreign Policy: "The only way to win the next superpower showdown is to understand what exactly caused it."

China’s Defence Spending: A Question of Perspective?
By Meia Nouwens, International Institute for Strategic Studies: "As China faces domestic challenges to achieving the 'China Dream', broader national strategic ambitions will have a significant bearing on the country's spending priorities."

IISS and Defense One launch new partnership
The IISS is pleased to announce the launch of our new editorial partnership with Defense One, the go-to destination for news on US defence and security. We launch with a column on naval tasks in the Indo-Pacific, with anaylsis by IISS Senior Fellow for Naval Forces and Maritime Security, Nick Childs. This regular column will draw upon our Military Balance+ data to inform policymakers on developments in defence.

Breaking Defense Relaunches: New Design, Features and Staff

Henry Kissinger is still brilliant — and still wrong about China
(The Hill) This past week at the Wilson Center’s Kissinger Institute, Henry Kissinger’s former associates met to discuss “Kissinger on Kissinger,” an oral history by the former secretary of State.

A flat defense budget will prove fatal for military transformation, explains Rick Bergerin a Defense News op-ed. The advanced capabilities pursued by transformation advocates — artificial intelligence, hypersonic weapons, and advanced networking — will prove necessary, if not sufficient, for deterring high-end conflict with China and Russia. But financing these new capabilities by cutting existing weapons systems will never work. While some trade-offs make sense, policymakers should accept that the need for new weapons systems is an additional burden on the Pentagon, unable to be met through rearranging programs under a flat budget. Finish here.

FIXING THE NAVY FAST MEANS BEING ABLE TO ENGAGE ENEMY WAR SHIPS; WHAT'S THE IMPACT OF FLAT BUDGETS ON MODERNIZATION; THE F35'S PERFORMANCE MATTERS

5/24/2019

1,000 days of continuing resolutions in 10 years
Mackenzie Eaglen and Rick Berger | AEI.org
If the Pentagon is forced to operate under a long-term continuing resolution or sequestration in 2020, no one should be surprised at the significant reduction in military readiness and the financial waste that will occur.

Mackenzie Eaglen and Rick Berger write: Former Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis said a year ago that military had operated under 1,000 days of debilitating continuing resolutions (CR) over the past decade. Yet another continuing resolution looms again this fall. Even as Congress moves ahead with its spending bills for the Defense Department, the odds remain low that both parties can agree to an overall spending level by the start of the fiscal year still. – American Enterprise Institute

When U.S. Navy and Marine F-35 Pilots Most Need Performance
By David B. Larter, Defense News: "The U.S. Navy’s and Marine Corps’ F-35s become unpredictable to handle when executing the kind of extreme maneuvers a pilot would use in a dogfight or while avoiding a missile, according to documents exclusively obtained by Defense News."

Navy's New Anti-Ship Missile Dramatically Boosts Firepower
By Loren Thompson, Forbes: " ... do you realize that many of the Navy’s surface combatants—its frigates, destroyers and cruisers—have almost no ability to engage hostile warships?"

A Flat Budget Will Prove Fatal for Military Transformation
By Rick Berger, Defense News: "This month, the House Appropriations Committee kicked off the annual process of congressional oversight of the Pentagon by passing its bill to fund the military for fiscal 2020. While the committee signaled willingness among the Democratic caucus to support a $733 billion budget, its bill makes clear that the Pentagon’s 2020 budget request is anything but the “masterpiece” that acting Secretary of Defense Pat Shanahan once promised."

LIGHT ATTACK AIR POWER FOR COIN, HOW THE AIR FORCE ONLY WANTS SEXY BIG BUDGETS FOR THE LONG WAR & CAN THE ARMY HANDLE THE MIDDLE EAST?

5/20/2019

Close Air Support Timeline Cut; Wait For Tech Was Too Long
By Paul McLeary
For too long, the CAS program “was falling on deaf ears, because it didn’t quite fit exactly in somebody’s nice little picture of a program, and it wasn’t funded” within a traditional acquisition program.

Air Force Preps Light Attack Plane for Combat Missions
By Kris Osborn, Warrior Maven: "Despite the Air Force’s stated intention and the widespread assumption that a low-cost off-the-shelf Light Attack airplane would primarily perform counterinsurgency missions, it seems entirely conceivable that the plane could have limited uses for major power warfare as well."

Sikorsky Receives $1.3B For 12 CH-53Ks
By Lee Hudson, Aviation Week: "The U.S. Marine Corps awarded a $1.3 billion contract for 12 Sikorsky CH-53K heavy-lift helicopters May 17 while the program still needs to flight test a remedy of a critical design flaw by the end of this year."
SOCOM’s Iron Man Suit – A Worthy Moonshot
By Stew Magnuson, National Defense Magazine: “The Defense Department’s top procurement official is taking aim at watchdog-type laws that are put in place to discourage corruption in government.”

Upgrading Our Military’s Heavy Vertical Lift Capability
By George Landrith, RealClearDefense: "It is time to upgrade our military's heavy-lift helicopter capabilities. The current workhorse, the CH-47 Chinook, has served our country since 1962."

A Smart Acquisition Strategy That Can Revitalize the U.S. Amphibious Warfare Fleet
By Dan Gouré, RealClearDefense: "The Nation’s amphibious warfare fleet is in need of revitalization through the acquisition of new, more capable ships faster."

Army Can Manage Both Mideast & Great Powers: Sec. Esper
By Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.
The Army can cope with regional dangers like Iran even as it refocuses on Russia and China, the secretary said. In fact, he said, the Army’s controversial modernization program will help with both sets of threats.

Across the Department of Defense, organizations and agencies want to transport parts and ready-to-go systems to field units on demand. For the Army’s sustainment community, this means keeping up with the dynamic pace of deployments to by placing qualified workers closer to the battlefield or assembling reserve systems ahead of time. – C4ISRNET

NAVY TEMPO HURTS READINESS & THE CHINESE SEEK TO DOMINATE THE ARTIC TO HIT USA

5/16/2019

Navy Wary of Growing Costs While It Ramps Up Ops
By Paul McLeary
The Navy is adding more ships as quickly as possible, even as it grapples with how it’s going to pay the costs to keep them afloat once it gets them, a top officer said.

MARINE CORPS IDENTITY, ENDING THE WAR IN THE AFRICAN HORN & BREAKING DOWN WMD SILOS

5/14/2019

Marine Corps Identity from the Historical Perspective by Mark Folse

Countering WMD in the Digital Age: Breaking Down Bureaucratic Silos in a Brave New World by Natasha E. Bajema

How to End the Civil War in Somalia: Negotiate with al-Shabaab by Jason Hartwig

An Assessment of the U.S. Punitive Expedition of 1916
By Roger Soiset, Divergent Options: "Prior to the 9/11 attacks was Pancho Villa’s 1916 attack on Columbus, New Mexico. Large-scale efforts to capture Villa failed. Border violence continued until the success of a more focused U.S. response in 1919. Today the U.S.-Mexico border remains unsecured and discussions continue to determine the best approach."

WAR OF ACQUISITION REFORMS: HOW VIABLE IS COMMERCIALIZATION, HOW THE ARMY DOES ACQUISITION & THE ENDURING CHARACTER OF THE MARINE CORPS

5/1/2019

Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021-2025

Will alternative acquisition methods become the norm?
(Federal Times) Recent research from the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) raises some important questions about the direction and focus of Defense Department research and development funding.

3 takeaways from Thornberry’s 2020 DoD reform agenda
(Defense News) After years of pushing new reforms for the Pentagon, the top Republican on the House Armed Services Committee wants to ensure defense officials are following them.

Building a 21st Century Defense Acquisition Workforce by Peter Levine

War Of the Acquisition Reformers: 809 Panel Defends New Commercial Approach
By David Drabkin
When Washington heavyweights like Peter Levine, former Democratic staff director of the Senate Armed Services Committee, and Bill Greenwalt, former deputy undersecretary of Defense for industrial policy and longtime Republican acquisition expert on the SASC, say you got something wrong, people listen. That is especially the case if you were the folks who Levine and…

How To Make Sure The Army’s Big Six Get Built
By James Tinsley
If the Army wants to get its Big Six right, it must talk, and talk and talk with Congress and the press and industry. And be ready to drop failures.

The Marine Corps' Evolving Character and Enduring Purpose by Gordon Emmanuel and Justin Gray

DEFECTS IN ARMY & AIR FORCE MODERNIZATION PLANS

4/23/2019

Highly Specialized, Highly Lethal:
Why the Army Should Replace its One-Size-Fits-All Infantry Model
By Steven Head, Modern War Institute: T"he push to broaden soldiers’ professional experiences and create a “one size fits all” infantryman has resulted in soldiers that are constantly shifted across various weapons systems and vehicle platforms, and leaders who find themselves in front of formation types they have little experience with."

Warfighters Need A New ‘Tested’ Helicopter Engine
By Dan Gouré, RealClearDefense: "Earlier this year, the Army declared General Electric (GE) the winner of the competition for the Improved Turbine Engine Program (ITEP), which will replace the existing power plants on Black Hawk and Apache helicopters and potentially power the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA). Yet, the award was based on a preliminary design review, essentially a paper description of the proposed engine."

Tactical Risk in Multi-Domain Operations
By Kevin Benson, Modern War Institute: "I believe history does not repeat itself, but as Mark Twain pointed out at times it does rhyme. Once again in my life our Army is reassessing how it will fight large-scale ground combat operations against peer and near-peer adversaries, possibly while outnumbered."

Army Secretary Reveals Hidden Defect in Modernization Plans
By Loren Thompson, Forbes: “Last week, Army Secretary Mark Esper delivered what sounded like the definitive service position on planned upgrades to the Chinook helicopter. They aren’t going to happen, because the money is needed for other things. As a result, the most powerful helicopter in the Army’s fleet will be unable to lift its next-generation jeep, known as the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV)."

Esper: Chinook & JLTV ‘Designed For a Different Conflict’
By Paul McLeary, on Tuesday, April 16, 2019 5:15 PM
he Army’s rebuilding to face China and Russia. That may leave programs designed over the past decade for COIN operations in the dust.

After months of no-comment, the CEO of Bell Flight’s parent company revealed that Bell will offer a conventional helicopter for the Army’s new scout, the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft. That’s a stark contrast from the high-speed, long-range V-280 tiltrotor that Bell is pushing for the larger Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft, or from the propeller-plus-rotors compound helicopters that rival Sikorsky is offering for both FLRAA and FARA. – Breaking Defense

Mike Pietrucha and Jeremy Renken write: The scope of changes that the U.S. Air Force must undertake to meet the direction of the National Defense Strategy is difficult to overstate. Recent clear-eyed assessments of threats from great powers like Russia and China, combined with the opportunity to reduce U.S. military investment in the Middle East has given the service’s planners a window of opportunity to let intentional design, rather than events, drive how it organizes, trains, equips, and presents its force. – War on the Rocks

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Aging Sealift Fleet Is Achilles Heel Of Pentagon War Plans
By Loren Thompson, Forbes: "A once-vast fleet of U.S.-flagged commercial ships has declined precipitously since the Reagan Administration eliminated construction subsidies three decades ago, and meanwhile the sealift vessels owned by the government have aged to a point where their availability in a crisis cannot be assured."

Trump Leaves Pentagon Power Vacuum
By Wesley Morgan, Politico: "A quarter of the Pentagon's most senior civilian posts remain filled by temporary personnel who are unconfirmed by the Senate – a high number that has slowed decisions, handicapped the department in policy disputes and shifted more power to the White House, according to recently departed Pentagon officials."

CHINESE BLUE WATER NAVY, THEFT, ESPIONAGE & AMERICAN DUELING F DOGFIGHTERS

4/21/2019

Tom Rogan writes: Thanks to his investments, China now retains ships and submarines that can operate far away from Chinese waters. […]All of this serves a clear strategic objective: establishing the military architecture to serve Xi’s mercantile empire. That is to say, establishing the architecture to displace and defeat U.S. efforts to defend our order against China’s aggression.We must get more serious about China’s growing threat. The U.S. Navy continues to overemphasize aircraft carriers as the linchpin of its naval-air battle doctrine. And the U.S. military command responsible for China-related operations continues to lack the tools it needs to win. President Trump should urgently remedy these issues. If not, he may preside over China’s global hegemony. – Washington Exa m iner

China’s Theft & Espionage: What Must Be Done

F-15EX: The Strategic Blind Spot in the Air Force's Fighter Debate by Mike Benitez

The Wrong Fight Over Fighters: Understanding the F-15X Purchase
By Rick Berger, RealClearDefense: "In the end, the debate over choosing to buy F-15Xs or more F-35s is important but pales in comparison to much more consequential public debates that Congress and the Pentagon should be having."

F-15EX vs. F-35A
By John A. Tirpak, Air Force Magazine: "Now the F-35 faces a new challenge from an old jet design, a variant of the F-15 Strike Eagle; an airplane from an earlier era, built for a different mission. Though the Air Force denies it, the two jets are competing for inevitably limited dollars within the service's fighter portfolio."

Brad Orgeron writes: The F-15C has performed spectacularly over the past 40 years and helped to establish American air superiority as a certainty in modern conflict. Yet, air superiority is not guaranteed in future conflict against rising powers. F-15C aircraft need to be replaced and new capabilities developed to enable U.S. warfighters to dominate future adversaries. An initial purchase of the F-15EX will help cycle out old and expensive aircraft and restore readiness, all while improving capacity and capability. – War on the Rocks

Bringing the Air Division Back to the Future
By Mike Pietrucha & Jeremy Renken, War on the Rocks: “The scope of changes that the U.S. Air Force must undertake to meet the direction of the National Defense Strategy is difficult to overstate. Recent clear-eyed assessments of threats from great powers like Russia and China, combined with the opportunity to reduce U.S. military investment in the Middle East has given the service’s planners a window of opportunity to let intentional design, rather than events, drive how it organizes, trains, equips, and presents its force."

Why is China Developing a New J-11 Variant?
By Abraham Ait, The Diplomat: “China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) Air Force recently unveiled the first high quality images of the J-11D “4++ generation” air superiority fighter — the latest derivative of the Soviet Su-27 Flanker design and the fifth to be manufactured in China."

WHAT HAS THE AIR FORCE LEARNED ABOUT INSURGENT NETWORKS, ELECTRONIC WAR OUTPACING DOCTRINE, VITALITY OF HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITIES & ARMY CHANGES MODERNIZATION PLANS WITH DOD

4/17/2019

Rapid advancements in technology outpace military acquisition or doctrinal development, so Navy and Marine Corps officials are using a series of advanced naval technology experimentation exercises to shorten that timeline gap and ensure operational forces in the high-tech battlespace are equipped for the high-end future conflicts. – USNI News

What the Air Force learned from insurgents’ networks
(C4ISRNET) Air Force leaders plan to experiment this summer with a mesh network that would allow military users in hard-to-reach areas to connect to the service’s top secret network and share intelligence information without the fear of losing service.

The National Defense Strategy Commission identified Electronic Warfare (EW) as a critical capability to ensure the U.S. military remains competitive. In its FY2019 and FY2020 Defense Budget overview documents, the Department of Defense (DOD) identified EW as a priority to improve platform and network survivability; provide advanced jamming techniques to disrupt radars, communications, and command and control systems; and provide measures to defend the space domain and maintain power projection forces. – USNI News

Bryan McGrath writes: As the United States winds down from two regional land conflicts that have dominated the 21st century, great power competition with China and Russia rightly dominates defense planning and operations. Consequently, American seapower must once again evolve to meet the challenges of sustaining America’s prosperity and security in a multi-polar world. […]Renewed great power competition calls for a closer look at the Navy and Marine Corps team’s operational approach, one that stresses the integrated nature of American seapower and leverages a tried and tested command and control (C2) structure. – Center for International Maritime Security

If there’s one thing Russian Helicopters wants you to know about the Mi-26, it is that this monster of a machine is the largest helicopter in the world. Bigger than the Chinook, and bigger than the Sea King. When it comes to helicopters, the Mi-26 rules the skies, and Russia is looking to leverage this unique capability to dominate the heavylift market. – Defense News

The U.S. Army’s aviation program office has decided not to modernize certain platforms, but rather divest or sustain them as part of an effort to realign resources toward the service’s vision for its future force, the Army’s program executive officer for aviation told Defense News in an interview ahead of the Army Aviation Association of America’s annual summit. – Defense News

Rhys McCormick, Samantha Cohen, Gregory Sanders, and Andrew Philip Hunter write: Defense Acquisition Trends, 2018: Defense Contract Spending Bounces Back is the latest in an annual series of report examining trends in what DoD is buying, how DoD is buying it, and whom DoD is buying from. This report analyzes the current state of affairs in defense acquisition by combining detailed policy and data analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the current and future outlook for defense acquisition. – Center for Strategic and International Studies

Marine CH-53K King Stallion, Most Powerful U.S. Helicopter Ever
By Loren Thompson, Forbes: “The U.S. Marine Corps wants something nobody else has: a helicopter that can lift 18 tons in a single flight. And it wants the helicopter to be capable of carrying most of that weight over a hundred miles between ship and shore, back and forth, day or night."

Beyond Chinook: Army Secretary Challenges Industry To Revolutionize Heavy Lift
By Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.
A light scout and a mid-size transport remain Army aviation’s top two priorities, Secretary Mark Esper said, but industry needs to start thinking about the next heavy-lift aircraft and stop fighting against cuts to the venerable CH-47.

THUCYDIDES & THE LONG WAR PROBLEM

FORCE PLANNING IN AGE OF GREAT POWER COMPETITION

AGAINST ALL ODDS: CHANGING ACQUISITION CULTURE

THE CRISIS OF AMERICAN MILITARY PRIMACY

NATIONAL MILITARY STRATEGY: REVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

UNDERSTANDING MILITARY MODERNIZATION

5 STRATEGIES FOR SEC. OF DEFENSE

WHY THE 3RD OFFSET FAILS

INADEQUATE DOCTRINES FOR IRREGULAR WAR

ALTERNATIVE WAR STRATEGIES & FORCE POSTURE

REVERSING DECLINE: ELIZABETHIAN ENGLAND

U.S. GRAND STRATEGY FOR WINNING WORLD WAR IV

MULTI-DOMAIN BATTLE REPLACES R.M.A.

READINESS CRISIS

DEFENSE INNOVATION

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REBUILDING AMERICAN MILITARY.pdf
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Tweets by WilliamHolland

Principles Guiding Pentagon Acquisition Reform
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